Pasteur became a professor at the university of Lille in northern France. ·
( 13)-قبل الكلمات التالية اذا كان الـذهاب اليها من أجل الغرض الذى أنشئت من اجله:
{ hospital – school – prison – court- university – mosque – church – bed ..}
· Students go to school to learn. ® ( as a student )
· I went to the school to meet the headmaster. ® ( as a visitor)
(14)- قبل قمم الجبال اذا كانت فى صيغة المفرد:
Mount Everest Mount Sinai Mount Kilimanjaro
) 15)- قبل كلمة home مع هذه الكلمات:
go home- get home – return home – reach/ arrive home – on my way home - On T.V
(16)- قيل أسماء الجزر المنفردة: Bermuda - Sicily – Crete – Corsica
· Crete is an island in the Mediterranean.
§أدوات النكرة a \ an :
An
A
قبل الاسم المفرد الذى يعد البادئ بصوت متحرك
an airport an engineer
an article an umbrella
an hour
an honest girl
an honourable man
an underground train
· An hour is a length of time.
قبل الاسم المفرد الذى يعد البادئ بصوت ساكن :
a school a job
a hospital a house
a uniform a unit
a university professor
{ uniform – university – usual –
united – union - use - useful – useless – European …...}
· Have you ever been to a European country?
§ حالات استخدام a \ an :
1- عند الاشارة الى شئ واحد:
· I live in an old house in a remote village.
· My brother has got a job as an accountant in a bank.
2- قبل الوظائف:
My father works as an engineer in an oil company. ·
3- قبل بعض الأمراض: a cold – a headache - a sore throat….. } {
· I am going to bed . I have a headache.
· Don't come near me. I have got a sore throat.
4- قبل أدوات التجزئة: { a piece of – an item of – a bit of ……….}
· He gave me a piece of advice that I should I take.
5- فى تعبيرات عددية خاصة: · a dozen (12) – a fortnight (14) - a score (20)
6- فى الجمل التعجبية قيل الاسم المفرد الذى يعد: What a generous man ! ·
ملحوظة هامــة:
· الاختراعات الحديثة عند الاشارة اليها كشئ واحد نستخدم a / an ) ):
· أما عند الاشارة اليها كاختراع نستخدم the:
· I bought a computer yesterday.
· The computer is one of the most important inventions.
· Have you got a telephone?
· Graham Bell invented the telephone.
· عند الاشارة الى الحيوان بذاته نستخدم a/ an :
· أما عند الاشارة الى الحيوان كفصيلة نستخدم the:
· I saw a lion in the zoo yesterday.
· The lion is a dangerous animal.
Choose the correct answers from a , b, c or d:
My sister works in a hospital. She has to wear ……..uniform. 1-
a- an b-a c- the d-no article
The job Hisham does isn't …………usual job. It needs a lot of skill. 2-
a- an b-a c- the d-no article
3- ……………..often hunt in packs.
a- The lion b-The lions c- Lions d- The lion
4- …………….teachers work very hard.
a- An b – An c- The d- no article
5- ……………teachers at my school work very hard.
a- An b – An c- The d- no article
6- After….………university education , he worked in the theater.
a- An b – An c- The d- no article
5- I respect him greatly because of his ….……honesty.
a- an b-a c- the d-no article
6- ……..……doctors are qualified to practise medicine.
a- an b-a c- the d-no article
7- ……..…..necklace can be made of gold, diamond or glass.
a- an b-a c- the d-no article
8- ………....necklace was made of diamond..
a- an b-a c- the d-no article
¨ تحل محل فاعل عاقل او اسم مكرر فى الجملة الثانية who (that ) ®
¨ يأتى بعدها فعل ويسبقها فاعل عاقل
¨ يمكن أن يأتى مكانها ضمير الوصل (that ) ولايسبقها حرف جر :
My uncle is a businessman. He has an import and export company. ·
® My uncle who has an import and export company is a businessman.
The woman is friendly. The woman lives next door. ·
The woman who lives next door is friendly . ®
……………………………………………………………………….………..
¨ الذى – التى ( للعاقل) ® (that ) whom
¨ تحل مفعول به عاقل أو ضمير مفعول فى الجملة الثانية
¨ يتبعها فاعل ويسبقها اسم عاقل
¨ يمكن أن يأتى مكانها (that)
¨ يمكن أن يسبقها حرف جر
The men were honest. I lived with them in London. ·
The men whom I lived with in London were honest. ®
The men with whom I lived in London were honest. ®
The man is very kind. I worked with him. ·
The man whom I worked with is very kind. ®
® The man with whom I worked is very kind.
……………………………………………………………………….………..
¨ الذى / التى ( لغير العاقـل ) which (that ) ®
¨ تحل محل فاعل أو مفعول غير عاقل فى الجملة الثانية
¨ يمكن أن يأتى مكانها (that) و يمكن أن يسبقها حرف جر
I opened the window. It overlooks the garden. ·
I opened the window which overlooks the garden. ®
The dress was very nice. She wore it last night. ·
® The dress which she wore last night was very nice.
……………………………………………………………….………..
¨تستخدم للملكية whose ®
¨ تحل محل صفة الملكية أو (s') ('s) فى الجملة الثانية
¨ صفات الملكية هىmy – his – her- our – our – their ) )
¨ يأتى قبلها المالك وبعدها الاسم المملوك (عاقل أو غير عاقل )
That is the man . His car was stolen yesterday. ·
® That is the man whose car was stolen yesterday.
My uncle traveled abroad. We live in his house. ·
® My uncle whose house we live in traveled abroad.
……………………………………………………………………………..
¨ حيث للمكان ® where
¨ يأتى قبلها مباشرة مكان
¨ ولا يأتى معها حرف جر واذا جاء حرف جر نستخدم (which)
I went to the town . I was born in this town. ·
I went to the town where I was born. ®
® I went to the town which I was born in.
® I went to the town in which I was born.
……………………………………………………………………….…..
¨ عندما / فى الوقت الذى فيه (للزمن ) ® when ¨ ¨ يأتى قبلها الوقت أو الـزمن
¨ ولا يأتى معها حرف جر واذا جاء حرف جر نستخدم (which)
· July is the month . we go on holiday in it.
July is the month when we go on holiday. ®
® July is the month in which we go on holiday .
Re-write the following sentences:
The boy will be punished . He threw that stone. (who) ·
The boy who threw that stone will be punished. ®
·The man is a famous tennis player. We met him at the club. (who)
® The man who we met at the club is a famous tennis player.
· A man cut your hair . He did it badly . ( The man )
® The man who cut your hair did it badly.
· A dictionary is a book . It tells us what words mean. (which)
® A dictionary is a book which tells us what words mean .
· We stayed at the hotel . Adel recommended that hotel to us. (which)
® We stayed at the hotel which Adel recommended to us .
· You are wearing a dress. It is lovely. (The dress)
® The dress which you are wearing is lovely.
· I cut some flowers this morning. They are still fresh. (The flowers)
® The flowers which I cut this morning are still fresh.
· Dr.Gamal is a famous doctor. His clinic is in our street. (whose)
® Dr.Gamal whose clinic is in our street is a famous doctor.
· There were two players. Everyone was impressed by their skill. (whose)
® There were two players whose skill impressed everyone.
· The town which I was born in is in the south of England. (where)
® The town where I was born is in the south of England.
· Ahmed Zewail discovered the Femto Second. ( It was )
® It was Ahmed Zewail who discovered the Femto Second.
Choose the correct answers from a , b, c or d:
1- Mr. Ayman ,…………car I borrowed last night , is a family friend.
a- who b-whom c-that d-whose
2-He played the violin all night ……………..annoyed the neighbours.
a- what b-which c-whose d- who
3-A supermarket is large shop.....you can buy many different things.
a-who b- what c-which d- where
4- In our garden , there is a palm tree….height is over thirteen metres.
a-which b-where c-whose d-that
5-If I mix them all together , can you identify ………..pen is Ali's?
a-whose b-what c-that d-which
6-Ashraf bought a new puppy…………will him because he is blind.
a-who b-where c-that d- whose
I think I must go somewhere ………..is relaxing. 7-
a-where b- what c- that d-whose
I need to go somewhere ……………I feel relaxed. - 8-
a-where b- what c- that d-whose
9-Lisa,………….in my class at school, is very good at English.
a- who b-who's c-whose d-that
10- Tanta ,…………….is Egypt's fifth largest city , has many mosques.
a- that b- whose c- which d- where
اللهم عافنى فى بدنى , اللهم عافنى فى سمعى , اللهم عافنى فى بصرى
لا اله الاأنت
اللهم انى أعــوذ بك من الكــفـر والـفـقــر وأعــوذ بك من عــذاب القـبــر إذا أخذ الله منك ما لم تتوقع ضياعه, فسوف يعطيك ما لم تتوقع تملكه
(1)- شبـــــه تأكــــد: (من المؤكد تقريبا)
فى الاثبات:
مــــا ضــــى
مضــــارع
must have +p.p
مصدر must +
· Nada is absent today, she must be ill.
· Nada was absent yesterday, she must have been ill.
فى النفى: (من غير المؤكد- لايمكن أن يكون.......)
مــــا ضــــى
مضــــارع
can't have +p.p
مصدر can't+
· He can’t be at work today. It's a holiday.
· He can't have been at work yesterday. It was a holiday
.
♣ كلمات تساوى must – can't :
I am sure /certain that……………. ♣
♣ It's certain that…….
♣ I think………definitely…………
♣ I'm sure that he is a doctor. (must)
® He must be doctor.
♣ I'm certain that Ahmed won the match yesterday. (must)
® Ahmed must have won the match yesterday.
♣ I'm sure he isn't over thirty. (can't)
® He can't be over thirty.
I'm sure he didn't steal the money. (can't) ♣
® He can't have stolen the money.
♣ I'm sure I left the umbrella in the restaurant last night. (must)
® I must have left the umbrella in the restaurant last night.
♣It is impossible that he missed the train. (must – can't)
® He must have caught the train.
® He can't have missed the train.
♣ I'm sure the suit he bought yesterday is a good quality. (must)
® The suit he bought yesterday must be a good quality.
………………………………………………………………………...
) 2)- احتماليــة – عدم تــأكــد:( غير مؤكد- من المحتمل )
مــــا ضــــى
مضــــارع
may have +p.p
مصدر may+
might have + p.p
مصدر might +
♣ كلمات تساوى may /might :
♣ Perhaps,…………………………
♣ It is probable that……………….
♣ It is possible that………………..
♣ I am not sure/certain that………..
♣ I don't think/believe…………….
♣ Perhaps he will arrive tomorrow. (may)
® He may arrive tomorrow.
♣ It is probable that they missed the nine o’clock train. (may)
® They may have missed the nine o'clock train.
♣ Perhaps my uncle has received an invitation. ( might)
® My uncle might have received an invitation.
♣ I don’t think he sent the letter yesterday. (might)
® He might not have sent the letter yesterday.
♣ السؤال المضاف للجملة معناه دائمـا "أليس كذلك؟"
♣ السؤال يكون عكس الجملة في الإثبات و النفي.
♣ يتكون من ? ضمير الفاعل + فعل مساعد
♣ Mohamed is an engineer, isn't he?
♣ They aren't at home, are they?
♣ He has been to London, hasn’t he?
Mona can speak English, can't she? ♣
♣ You will phone him tomorrow, won't you?
اذا لم يوجد بالجملة فعل مساعد أو ناقص, ننظر الى الفعل :
اذا كان الفعل فى المصدر don't
اذا كان بالفعل s- es- ies doesn't
اذا كان الفعل بالماضى didn't
Hala lives in Cairo, doesn’t she? ♣
They walk to school everyday, don't they? ♣
♣ Sara finished her work, didn’t she?
ملا حظات هامة:
(1)- I am aren't I? I'm not am I?
·I am a teacher, aren’t I?
·I am not a doctor, am I?
(2)-Let's shall we? Let us will you?/ won't you?
· Let's go swimming, shall we?
·Let us leave early, will you / won't you?
(3)- فى حالة الأمر المثبت أو المنفى نستخدم : will you ?
♣ Open the window, will you?
♣ Don’t make too much noise, will you ?
(4)- اذا كانت has– have–had فعل أساسى فى الجملة نستخدم does- do did:
♣ Ayman has a new car, doesn't he?
♣ They have a special uniform, don't they?
♣ Eman had tea after lunch, didn't she?
)5)- everyone /everybody /someone / somebody / no one/ nobody
anyone- anybody – these – those
they تستبدل فى السؤال بالضمير
♣ Everyone has done the homework, haven’t they?
♣ Everybody’s at the match, aren’t they?
♣ Nobody saw the robbers, did they?
(6)- الكلمات something / everything / nothing /this / that
يأتي بدلا منها في السؤال it:
♣ Something has happened, hasn’t it?
♣ This is not right, is it?
(7) -الكلمات الآتية تعبر عن النفي ولذلك يكون السؤال مثبت:
(seldom / never / scarcely / neither / little / few / hardly / rarely /
no longer )
♣ He no longer comes early, does he?
♣ There’s hardly any food, is there?
(8)- لاحظ أن الجمل التي تبدأ بـ I think / I believe يكون السؤال
المذيل على الجزء الثاني ولكن الجملة التي تبدأ بـ don't
think/I don't believe تعتبر منفية:
♣ I think Omar will win the race, won’t he?
♣ I don't think they are lazy, are they?
* لاحظ الاختصارات الأتية:
♣ 'd+better had better 'd+rather would rather
· You'd better leave, hadn't you?
·You'd rather go, wouldn't you?
♣ 's+p.p= has 's+ing = is 's+ صفة= is
· He's finished his homework, hasn't he?
· Nora's doing a research, isn't she?
· Mohamed is helpful, isn't he?
إذا جـاء الفعـل need فـي الإثبـات يكـون السـؤال المـذيـل don’t .
♣ We need your help badly, don’t we?
إذا جـاء الفعـل needn’t نستخـدم need فـي السـؤال المـذيـل .
..............................................................................................................
♣ People speak English all over the world. (spoken)
English is spoken all over the world.
♣ The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids. (were)
The pyramids were built by the ancient Egyptians.
♣They are doing the exercise now . (being)
The exercise is being done now
♣ The gardener was picking the flowers. (being)
The flowers were being picked by the gardener
♣ Millions of people have visited the museum . (been)
The museum has been visited by millions of people.
♣ They had built a new hospital near the airport. (been)
A new hospital had been built near the airport.
♣ I will do the homework tonight. ( be)
The homework will be done tonight.
♣ You can buy tickets on the day of the match. (Tickets)
Tickets can be bought on the day of the match.
♣ You must leave your bags here. ( be)
Your bags must be left here.
♣ We are going to build a new house next month. (be)